Category: Legal News

SHOULD WE REALLY SUE SOMEONE

Posted by nnlaw on with 1 Comment

Adultery damages

Should we really sue someone (an adult for crying out loud) for having an affair with a married man or woman?  Aren’t these adultery damages archaic? What is your take on these damages?

What does the law say pertaining these damages?

Adultery damages are legal. Justice Mwayera in a recent judgment ruled that, “adultery damages are a legal claim which is meant to protect the sanctity of marriage”. She stated that decisions of foreign courts to declare such damages unconstitutional were not binding in Zimbabwe. In terms of Zimbabwe policy and values, adultery remains wrongful and unlawful as it serves to compensate the injured party. She expounded that the marriage institution is founded upon morals and the Constitution which is the supreme law of the country that protects that very morally, underpinned relationship. Intrusion in the marriage institution by adultery therefore remains wrongful and there is nothing unconstitutional about an adultery damages claim.”

Who can sue for adultery damages?

The type of marriage determines who can sue for such damages. In a Civil Marriage [Chapter 5:11], the husband or wife can sue a third party for the said damages. In a Registered Customary Law Marriage [Chapter 5:07], it is only the husband who can sue the third party because such marriage is potentially polygamous (it allows a man, if he so wishes to marry more than one wife but the woman cannot do so). Pertaining an Unregistered Customary Law Union (UCLU), this union is not registered but lobola has been paid, in this union, only the man can claim adultery damages since the union is also potentially polygamous and women in these unions have no right to sue for adultery damages.

Who can be sued for adultery damages?

Unfortunately the law provides that, it is only the third party who can be sued for adultery damages. The third party is the person who interferes into the marriage of the spouses.

South Africa recently outlawed these damages. Should we follow suit? Should spouses be responsible for protecting and safeguarding their marriage rather than making a legal claim against someone for having a consensual affair with her husband or his wife? Why sue the third party and not the adulterous spouse for adultery damages?.

SONIA R. FASHI

Fault factor in divorce

Posted by nnlaw on with 0 Comment

A number of people have been asking if initiating divorce proceedings will not affect their proprietary rights and whether or not the court’s decision will be against the guilty party if a party in a divorce matter is the one who caused the divorce. I have decided to share with you colleagues on the fault factor in divorce.

Before the coming of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1985, divorce laws in Zimbabwe were based on the fault factor. Grounds for divorce then were adultery, cruelity, insanity as well as long term imprisonment. Since 1985 Zimbabwe adopted a “no-fault” divorce. This is a divorce based on “irreconcilable differences” or an “irretrievable break-down” of the marriage which signifies that there is no hope for reconciliation of marriage. Section 4 of the Matrimonial Causes Act [Chapter 5:13]  recognises only 2 grounds for divorce and it reads, “A marriage may be dissolved by a decree of divorce by an appropriate court only on two grounds of “irretrievable break-down of the marriage” and “incurable mental illness or continuous unconsciousness” of one of the parties to the marriage. According to section 5 of the Matrimonial Causes Act [Chapter 5:13], “an appropriate court may grant a decree of divorce on the grounds of irretrievable break-down of the marriage if it is satisfied that the marriage relationship between the parties have broken down to such an extent that there is no reasonable prospect of the restoration of a normal marriage relationship between them”. Where the parties are agreed that the marriage has broken down, it is not necessary for the court to enquire into the cause of the breakdown as divorce is now based on the no fault concept”. Even though the courts seem to have moved from the issue of digging into fault or guilt, such factors are now only taken as guidelines that a marriage has irretrievably broken down.

What this means put simply is that, when parties go to court over a divorce matter there is no need to tell the court what led to the divorce or whose fault it was that led to the divorce. This is so because such fault or misconduct of either spouse will not be taken into account in deciding whether or not to grant divorce and who will get what. The fact is that most marriages fail due to the fault of either party but this should not be used to penalise such party e.g. in diminishing such parties share of getting a certain share of the matrimonial property due to the fact that he or she caused the divorce or was at fault.

THE LAW BEHIND 3 MONTH’S NOTICE OF TERMINATION OF A CONTRACT IN ZIMBABWE.

Posted by nnlaw on with 5 Comments

THE LAW BEHIND 3 MONTH’S NOTICE OF TERMINATION OF A CONTRACT IN ZIMBABWE. AN ANALYSIS OF THE LABOUR ACT [CHAPTER 28:08] AND THE LABOUR AMMENDMENT BILL NUMBER 7 OF 2015

On 17 July 2015 when the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe handed down the judgment of Don Nyamande & Kingstone Donga v Zuva Petroleum (Private) Limited Case No: SC 43/15 there were reports of dismissal of employees by a large number of companies thus creating controversy in the public. Some wholesale dismissals arose because of a misreading of the judgment, members of public misread the judgment and did not understand the principles raised before the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe.

A number of companies dismissed employees under the impression that the employer had a right to terminate an employee’s contract on notice in all circumstances. Section 12 (4)(a) of the Labour Act [ Chapter 28:01] provided that notice of termination of a contract of employment to be given by either party shall be 3 months’ notice in a contract without a limit of time or a contract for a period of 2 years or more. In terms of the law it simply meant that either party had a right to notify the other party that it was going to terminate a contract without a limit of time to the other party.

In the Don Nyamande v Zuva Petroleum case the Supreme Court simply affirmed what had been pronounced in its previous judgments that the right to terminate on notice is available to the employer in certain circumstances. The Supreme Court of Zimbabwe did not introduce any new principle of law. The issue that was determined by the court in the Don Nyamande case was whether or not the common law right to terminate an employment relationship on notice was still part of our law. In terms of the law the employer did not have a reason to show cause to the employee why the contract was being terminated on notice. If the basis for the termination of an employee’s contract is misconduct on the part of the employee the relevant disciplinary procedure is applicable to the employee. An employer may use its Code of Conduct for that particular industry. If the company does not have a Code of Conduct then the employer will have to abide by the provisions set in the Labour (National Employment Code of Conduct) Regulations of 2006.

If the basis for termination of an employment contract by an employer is ill health the employer is obliged to follow the termination procedure provided in section 14 of the Labour Act [ Chapter 28:01]. If the basis for the termination is that an employee has reached retirement age the employer is obliged to follow the relevant retirement procedures.

The position of the law on 3 months’ notice termination has since changed with the passing of the labour bill amendment number 7 of 2015. The bill was passed in order to amend the Labour Act [Chapter 28:01]. In terms of Clause 4 of the labour bill number 7 of 2015 no employer shall terminate a contract of employment on notice unless if the termination is in terms of an employment code, or in the absence of an employment code, in terms of the model code made under section 101 (9) or the employer and the employee mutually agree in writing to the termination of the contract or the employee was engaged for a period of fixed duration or for the performance of some specific service or pursuant to retrenchment , in accordance with section 12 C of the labour Act. The employer cannot terminate an employee by simply giving a 3 months’ notice. The employer has to give an employee notice of his or her intention to retrench to the works council for the undertaking or if there is no works council established for the undertaking or if a majority of the employees concerned agree to such a course, to the employment council established for the undertaking or industry. If there is no work’s council or employment council notice is given to the Retrenchment Board. The employer has to give the work’s council, employment council or the Retrenchment Board the details of the employee whom the employer wishes to retrench and of the reasons of the proposed retrenchment and send a copy of the notice to the Retrenchment Board.

An employee who has been retrenched in terms of the Labour bill number 7 of 2015 is entitled to a minimum retrenchment package of not less than one month’s salary or wages for every two years of service as an employee. The retrenchment package shall be paid by an employer to the employee as loss of employment. If the employee alleges financial incapacity and the consequent inability to pay the minimum retrenchment package timeously or at all, the employer shall apply in writing to be exempted from paying the full retrenchment package or any part of it to the employment council established for the undertaking or industry or if there is no employment council for the undertaking concerned, to the Retrenchment Board which shall respond within 14 days of receiving the notice.